直方图与 ECDF#

用途与概念#

hist 把原始观测按 bins 分箱；ECDF 在排序观测处计算累计比例。统计基于原始数据，与轴的显示变换无关。stat=count/probability/density 决定柱高含义。

最小完整示例#

此文件包含画布及必要定义，可直接运行 laymesh validate 或 laymesh render，不依赖前文未声明的变量。

1# Minimal complete example: plot.hist2page=canvas(size=(100mm,75mm),background="#ffffff")3p=plot(size=(86mm,62mm),x=axis(range=(0,4)),y=axis(range=(0,5)))4p.hist(values=[0.2,0.8,1.1,1.2,2.4,3.1],bins=[0,1,2,3,4])5page.add(p,offset=(7mm,6mm))

# Minimal complete example: plot.hist
page=canvas(size=(100mm,75mm),background="#ffffff")
p=plot(size=(86mm,62mm),x=axis(range=(0,4)),y=axis(range=(0,5)))
p.hist(values=[0.2,0.8,1.1,1.2,2.4,3.1],bins=[0,1,2,3,4])
page.add(p,offset=(7mm,6mm))

1# Minimal complete example: plot.hist2page=canvas(size=(100mm,75mm),background="#ffffff")3p=plot(size=(86mm,62mm),x=axis(range=(0,4)),y=axis(range=(0,5)))4p.hist(values=[0.2,0.8,1.1,1.2,2.4,3.1],bins=[0,1,2,3,4])5page.add(p,offset=(7mm,6mm))

# Minimal complete example: plot.hist
page=canvas(size=(100mm,75mm),background="#ffffff")
p=plot(size=(86mm,62mm),x=axis(range=(0,4)),y=axis(range=(0,5)))
p.hist(values=[0.2,0.8,1.1,1.2,2.4,3.1],bins=[0,1,2,3,4])
page.add(p,offset=(7mm,6mm))

依赖文件

examples/manual/plot-hist.lay

参数与默认行为#

裸几何长度使用画布单位，裸字号和描边宽度使用 pt。显式调用参数优先于继承和主题默认值；下面的接口参考逐项列出允许类型、可选值与默认来源。

组合用法#

显式 bins 可处理不等宽区间，density 的归一化按区间宽度计算。将 ECDF 绑定到范围为 0–1 的副轴，可以与频数或密度柱图同页比较。

2# Statistics are evaluated in original data units. Positions preserve input order.3page=canvas(size=(274 mm,128 mm),background="#ffffff")4s=plot_style(font_family="DejaVu Sans",font_size=7 pt)5a=plot(size=(88 mm,91 mm),plot_area=box(offset=(16 mm, 15 mm), size=(62 mm, 55 mm)),style=s,6 x=axis(range=(0,5),ticks=[1,2,3,4],tick_text=["A","B","C","D"]),y=axis(label="Change",range=(-2,7),ticks=[-2,0,2,4,6]))7bar=a.bar(positions=[1,2,3,4],values=[2,-1,4,3],data_width=0.65,fill="#e0e6eb",border_color="#264b69",hatch="slash",hatch_spacing=1.5 mm,label="Change")8a.bar(positions=[1,3,4],values=[1,1,2],baseline=[2,4,3],data_width=0.65,fill="none",border_color="#a04725",hatch="cross",label="Stack")9a.hline(y=0,color="#777777",line_width=0.3 pt)10a.step(x=[0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,4.5],y=[1,2,1,3,4],where= post,color="#a04725")11ca=page.add(a,offset=(4 mm,10 mm))12page.add(text(content="(a) Bars, stacks and steps",font_family="DejaVu Sans",font_size=9 pt),target=ca.plot_top_left,offset=(0 mm,-12 mm))13 14b=plot(size=(104 mm,91 mm),plot_area=box(offset=(16 mm, 15 mm), size=(62 mm, 55 mm)),style=s,15 x=axis(label="Observation",range=(0,6),ticks=[0,2,4,6]),y=axis(label="Density",range=(0,0.5),ticks=[0,0.2,0.4]))16b.add_axis(name="cumulative",side= right,axis=axis(label="ECDF",range=(0,1),ticks=[0,0.5,1],line_color="#a04725"))17hist=b.hist(values=[0.4,0.8,1.1,1.2,1.6,2.2,2.3,2.8,3.1,3.8,4.1,5.4],bins=[0,1,2,3,4,6],stat= density,fill="#d9e5dd",border_color="#34705a",label="Density")18ecdf=b.ecdf(values=[0.4,0.8,1.1,1.2,1.6,2.2,2.3,2.8,3.1,3.8,4.1,5.4],y_axis="cumulative",color="#a04725",label="ECDF")19cb=page.add(b,offset=(90 mm,10 mm))20page.add(text(content="(b) Histogram and ECDF",font_family="DejaVu Sans",font_size=9 pt),target=cb.plot_top_left,offset=(0 mm,-12 mm))21 22c=plot(size=(88 mm,91 mm),plot_area=box(offset=(20 mm, 15 mm), size=(62 mm, 55 mm)),style=s,23 x=axis(range=(0,4),ticks=[1,2,3],tick_text=["Box","KDE","Constant"]),y=axis(label="Observation",range=(0,11),ticks=[0,5,10]))24box=c.boxplot(values=[1,2,2,3,3,4,5,10],position=1,data_width=0.65,fill="#e0e6eb",border_color="#264b69",label="R-7 / 1.5 IQR")25violin=c.violin(values=[1,1.5,2,2.2,2.4,3,3.5,4.8,5],position=2,data_width=0.75,fill="#e8d8d1",border_color="#a04725",label="Gaussian KDE")26c.violin(values=[3,3,3],position=3,data_width=0.65,color="#34705a")27cc=page.add(c,offset=(179 mm,10 mm))28page.add(text(content="(c) Box and violin",font_family="DejaVu Sans",font_size=9 pt),target=cc.plot_top_left,offset=(0 mm,-12 mm))29page.add(legend(layers=[bar,hist,ecdf,box,violin],columns=5,gap=3 mm,background="none",sample_width=5 mm,sample_gap=2 mm),offset=(25 mm,105 mm))

# Statistics are evaluated in original data units. Positions preserve input order.
page=canvas(size=(274 mm,128 mm),background="#ffffff")
s=plot_style(font_family="DejaVu Sans",font_size=7 pt)
a=plot(size=(88 mm,91 mm),plot_area=box(offset=(16 mm, 15 mm), size=(62 mm, 55 mm)),style=s,
 x=axis(range=(0,5),ticks=[1,2,3,4],tick_text=["A","B","C","D"]),y=axis(label="Change",range=(-2,7),ticks=[-2,0,2,4,6]))
bar=a.bar(positions=[1,2,3,4],values=[2,-1,4,3],data_width=0.65,fill="#e0e6eb",border_color="#264b69",hatch="slash",hatch_spacing=1.5 mm,label="Change")
a.bar(positions=[1,3,4],values=[1,1,2],baseline=[2,4,3],data_width=0.65,fill="none",border_color="#a04725",hatch="cross",label="Stack")
a.hline(y=0,color="#777777",line_width=0.3 pt)
a.step(x=[0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,4.5],y=[1,2,1,3,4],where= post,color="#a04725")
ca=page.add(a,offset=(4 mm,10 mm))
page.add(text(content="(a) Bars, stacks and steps",font_family="DejaVu Sans",font_size=9 pt),target=ca.plot_top_left,offset=(0 mm,-12 mm))

b=plot(size=(104 mm,91 mm),plot_area=box(offset=(16 mm, 15 mm), size=(62 mm, 55 mm)),style=s,
 x=axis(label="Observation",range=(0,6),ticks=[0,2,4,6]),y=axis(label="Density",range=(0,0.5),ticks=[0,0.2,0.4]))
b.add_axis(name="cumulative",side= right,axis=axis(label="ECDF",range=(0,1),ticks=[0,0.5,1],line_color="#a04725"))
hist=b.hist(values=[0.4,0.8,1.1,1.2,1.6,2.2,2.3,2.8,3.1,3.8,4.1,5.4],bins=[0,1,2,3,4,6],stat= density,fill="#d9e5dd",border_color="#34705a",label="Density")
ecdf=b.ecdf(values=[0.4,0.8,1.1,1.2,1.6,2.2,2.3,2.8,3.1,3.8,4.1,5.4],y_axis="cumulative",color="#a04725",label="ECDF")
cb=page.add(b,offset=(90 mm,10 mm))
page.add(text(content="(b) Histogram and ECDF",font_family="DejaVu Sans",font_size=9 pt),target=cb.plot_top_left,offset=(0 mm,-12 mm))

c=plot(size=(88 mm,91 mm),plot_area=box(offset=(20 mm, 15 mm), size=(62 mm, 55 mm)),style=s,
 x=axis(range=(0,4),ticks=[1,2,3],tick_text=["Box","KDE","Constant"]),y=axis(label="Observation",range=(0,11),ticks=[0,5,10]))
box=c.boxplot(values=[1,2,2,3,3,4,5,10],position=1,data_width=0.65,fill="#e0e6eb",border_color="#264b69",label="R-7 / 1.5 IQR")
violin=c.violin(values=[1,1.5,2,2.2,2.4,3,3.5,4.8,5],position=2,data_width=0.75,fill="#e8d8d1",border_color="#a04725",label="Gaussian KDE")
c.violin(values=[3,3,3],position=3,data_width=0.65,color="#34705a")
cc=page.add(c,offset=(179 mm,10 mm))
page.add(text(content="(c) Box and violin",font_family="DejaVu Sans",font_size=9 pt),target=cc.plot_top_left,offset=(0 mm,-12 mm))
page.add(legend(layers=[bar,hist,ecdf,box,violin],columns=5,gap=3 mm,background="none",sample_width=5 mm,sample_gap=2 mm),offset=(25 mm,105 mm))

1# BEGIN DEMO2# Statistics are evaluated in original data units. Positions preserve input order.3page=canvas(size=(274 mm,128 mm),background="#ffffff")4s=plot_style(font_family="DejaVu Sans",font_size=7 pt)5a=plot(size=(88 mm,91 mm),plot_area=box(offset=(16 mm, 15 mm), size=(62 mm, 55 mm)),style=s,6 x=axis(range=(0,5),ticks=[1,2,3,4],tick_text=["A","B","C","D"]),y=axis(label="Change",range=(-2,7),ticks=[-2,0,2,4,6]))7bar=a.bar(positions=[1,2,3,4],values=[2,-1,4,3],data_width=0.65,fill="#e0e6eb",border_color="#264b69",hatch="slash",hatch_spacing=1.5 mm,label="Change")8a.bar(positions=[1,3,4],values=[1,1,2],baseline=[2,4,3],data_width=0.65,fill="none",border_color="#a04725",hatch="cross",label="Stack")9a.hline(y=0,color="#777777",line_width=0.3 pt)10a.step(x=[0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,4.5],y=[1,2,1,3,4],where= post,color="#a04725")11ca=page.add(a,offset=(4 mm,10 mm))12page.add(text(content="(a) Bars, stacks and steps",font_family="DejaVu Sans",font_size=9 pt),target=ca.plot_top_left,offset=(0 mm,-12 mm))13 14b=plot(size=(104 mm,91 mm),plot_area=box(offset=(16 mm, 15 mm), size=(62 mm, 55 mm)),style=s,15 x=axis(label="Observation",range=(0,6),ticks=[0,2,4,6]),y=axis(label="Density",range=(0,0.5),ticks=[0,0.2,0.4]))16b.add_axis(name="cumulative",side= right,axis=axis(label="ECDF",range=(0,1),ticks=[0,0.5,1],line_color="#a04725"))17hist=b.hist(values=[0.4,0.8,1.1,1.2,1.6,2.2,2.3,2.8,3.1,3.8,4.1,5.4],bins=[0,1,2,3,4,6],stat= density,fill="#d9e5dd",border_color="#34705a",label="Density")18ecdf=b.ecdf(values=[0.4,0.8,1.1,1.2,1.6,2.2,2.3,2.8,3.1,3.8,4.1,5.4],y_axis="cumulative",color="#a04725",label="ECDF")19cb=page.add(b,offset=(90 mm,10 mm))20page.add(text(content="(b) Histogram and ECDF",font_family="DejaVu Sans",font_size=9 pt),target=cb.plot_top_left,offset=(0 mm,-12 mm))21 22c=plot(size=(88 mm,91 mm),plot_area=box(offset=(20 mm, 15 mm), size=(62 mm, 55 mm)),style=s,23 x=axis(range=(0,4),ticks=[1,2,3],tick_text=["Box","KDE","Constant"]),y=axis(label="Observation",range=(0,11),ticks=[0,5,10]))24box=c.boxplot(values=[1,2,2,3,3,4,5,10],position=1,data_width=0.65,fill="#e0e6eb",border_color="#264b69",label="R-7 / 1.5 IQR")25violin=c.violin(values=[1,1.5,2,2.2,2.4,3,3.5,4.8,5],position=2,data_width=0.75,fill="#e8d8d1",border_color="#a04725",label="Gaussian KDE")26c.violin(values=[3,3,3],position=3,data_width=0.65,color="#34705a")27cc=page.add(c,offset=(179 mm,10 mm))28page.add(text(content="(c) Box and violin",font_family="DejaVu Sans",font_size=9 pt),target=cc.plot_top_left,offset=(0 mm,-12 mm))29page.add(legend(layers=[bar,hist,ecdf,box,violin],columns=5,gap=3 mm,background="none",sample_width=5 mm,sample_gap=2 mm),offset=(25 mm,105 mm))30# END DEMO

# BEGIN DEMO
# Statistics are evaluated in original data units. Positions preserve input order.
page=canvas(size=(274 mm,128 mm),background="#ffffff")
s=plot_style(font_family="DejaVu Sans",font_size=7 pt)
a=plot(size=(88 mm,91 mm),plot_area=box(offset=(16 mm, 15 mm), size=(62 mm, 55 mm)),style=s,
 x=axis(range=(0,5),ticks=[1,2,3,4],tick_text=["A","B","C","D"]),y=axis(label="Change",range=(-2,7),ticks=[-2,0,2,4,6]))
bar=a.bar(positions=[1,2,3,4],values=[2,-1,4,3],data_width=0.65,fill="#e0e6eb",border_color="#264b69",hatch="slash",hatch_spacing=1.5 mm,label="Change")
a.bar(positions=[1,3,4],values=[1,1,2],baseline=[2,4,3],data_width=0.65,fill="none",border_color="#a04725",hatch="cross",label="Stack")
a.hline(y=0,color="#777777",line_width=0.3 pt)
a.step(x=[0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,4.5],y=[1,2,1,3,4],where= post,color="#a04725")
ca=page.add(a,offset=(4 mm,10 mm))
page.add(text(content="(a) Bars, stacks and steps",font_family="DejaVu Sans",font_size=9 pt),target=ca.plot_top_left,offset=(0 mm,-12 mm))

b=plot(size=(104 mm,91 mm),plot_area=box(offset=(16 mm, 15 mm), size=(62 mm, 55 mm)),style=s,
 x=axis(label="Observation",range=(0,6),ticks=[0,2,4,6]),y=axis(label="Density",range=(0,0.5),ticks=[0,0.2,0.4]))
b.add_axis(name="cumulative",side= right,axis=axis(label="ECDF",range=(0,1),ticks=[0,0.5,1],line_color="#a04725"))
hist=b.hist(values=[0.4,0.8,1.1,1.2,1.6,2.2,2.3,2.8,3.1,3.8,4.1,5.4],bins=[0,1,2,3,4,6],stat= density,fill="#d9e5dd",border_color="#34705a",label="Density")
ecdf=b.ecdf(values=[0.4,0.8,1.1,1.2,1.6,2.2,2.3,2.8,3.1,3.8,4.1,5.4],y_axis="cumulative",color="#a04725",label="ECDF")
cb=page.add(b,offset=(90 mm,10 mm))
page.add(text(content="(b) Histogram and ECDF",font_family="DejaVu Sans",font_size=9 pt),target=cb.plot_top_left,offset=(0 mm,-12 mm))

c=plot(size=(88 mm,91 mm),plot_area=box(offset=(20 mm, 15 mm), size=(62 mm, 55 mm)),style=s,
 x=axis(range=(0,4),ticks=[1,2,3],tick_text=["Box","KDE","Constant"]),y=axis(label="Observation",range=(0,11),ticks=[0,5,10]))
box=c.boxplot(values=[1,2,2,3,3,4,5,10],position=1,data_width=0.65,fill="#e0e6eb",border_color="#264b69",label="R-7 / 1.5 IQR")
violin=c.violin(values=[1,1.5,2,2.2,2.4,3,3.5,4.8,5],position=2,data_width=0.75,fill="#e8d8d1",border_color="#a04725",label="Gaussian KDE")
c.violin(values=[3,3,3],position=3,data_width=0.65,color="#34705a")
cc=page.add(c,offset=(179 mm,10 mm))
page.add(text(content="(c) Box and violin",font_family="DejaVu Sans",font_size=9 pt),target=cc.plot_top_left,offset=(0 mm,-12 mm))
page.add(legend(layers=[bar,hist,ecdf,box,violin],columns=5,gap=3 mm,background="none",sample_width=5 mm,sample_gap=2 mm),offset=(25 mm,105 mm))
# END DEMO